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This research was an observational analytic study, which is by identifying subjects with a case and control, then followed by retrospective method to determine the risk factors (Case Control Study design). The population in this research were those who came for treatment at the Kampili Public Health Center in Gowa district in 2012. The research was accomplished in eight villages which is including in work areas of Kampili Public Health Center in Gowa.
The samples were obtained by exhaustive sampling of cases, where the gastritis patients who has more severe symptoms included as a sample, amounted to 46 people. Control samples amounted to 92 people were obtained by simple random sampling. Respondents were identified higher in females (55.8%) than males (44,2%). Respondents were identified highest in people with elementary graduated (27.5%) while respondents with job as farmer were identified the highest (30.4%), and most of the respondents were lived in Kampili village (26.1%).
The main purpose of this research was to determine the risk factors of gastritis incidence in Kampili Public Health Center in Gowa in 2012.
The additional purposes of this research can be found in the introduction and explicitly can be found on the result of research and discussion. The additional purposes of this research are as follows:
- To determine the effect of diet (eating regularity, type of foods, and eating frequency) on the incidence of gastritis in Kampili Public Health Center in Gowa in 2012.
- To determine the effect of alcohol consumption on the incidence of gastritis in Kampili Public Health Center in Gowa in 2012.
- To determine the effect for having habit of drinking coffee on the incidence of gastritis in Kampili Public Health Center in Gowa in 2012.
- To determine the effect of smoking on the incidence of gastritis in Kampili Public Health Center in Gowa in 2012.
- To determine the effect of using Non-Steroid Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) on the incidence of gastritis in Kampili Public Health Center in Gowa in 2012.
- To determine the family history factor of gastritis on the incidence of gastritis in Kampili Public Health Center in Gowa in 2012.
The main result of this study is we have found that the risk factors of gastritis incidence in Kampili Public Health Center are diet (food type and frequency of consumption), the habit of drinking coffee, smoking, the use of Non-Steroid Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), and family history of gastritis. While the regularity of eating and alcohol consumption showed not statistically significant or not the risk factors for the incidence of gastritis.
Additional results in the study are as follows:
1. Diet factor consists of eating regularity, type of food, and eating frequency.
- Eating irregularly will make an imbalance of nutrition in the body and the disturb the digestion function. This condition will increase 1.85 times the risk of suffering from gastritis compared with eating regularly, so the regularity of eating is a risk factor for the incidence of gastritis. However, the value of LL and UL (95% CI 0.91 to 3.78) are including within the value of 1 so the result of OR value was not statistically significant.
- The habit of eating risky foods (foods containing gas, spicy, sour, etc.) in excess will stimulate the digestive system, especially the stomach and intestines to contract, and if allowed to continue will cause irritation of the stomach. For this type of food, often eating the kind of food would be at risk of 2.42 times the risk of suffering from gastritis than not often eat foods at risk. LL and UL value (95% CI 1.17 to 5.02) does not include the value 1 so that the OR value obtained statistically significant.
- If the frequency of daily eating smaller, does not meet the full meal and snack it will be prone to gastritis, because the stomach is left empty for more than three hours, the production of stomach acid in the stomach will be more and more. For eating frequency, frequency of eating right will be 2.33 times the risk of suffering from gastritis compared with the frequency of eating right. Niali LL and UL (95% CI 1.09 to 4.98) does not include the value 1 so that the OR value obtained statistically significant.
2. Consumption of alcohol will stimulate the production of excess stomach acid can damage the gastric mucosa even when consumed in large quantities. Consumption of alcoholic beverages risk factor of 1.86 times that do not suffer from gastritis compared to consuming alcoholic beverages. However, the value of LL and UL (95% CI 0.91 to 3.81) include the value of 1 so that the OR value obtained was not statistically significant.
3. Coffee is known to stimulate the stomach to produce gastric acid and creat more acidic environment and can irritate the stomach. Habits of drinking coffee factor of 3.36 times the risk of suffering from gastritis compared with those not often drinking coffee. LL and UL value (95% CI 2,58-4K37) does not include the value 1 so that the OR value obtained statistically significant.
4. Nicotine and cadmium are two substances in cigarettes are highly reactive can result in injury to the stomach (irritation). more than 10 cigarettes smoked per day 3.69 times the risk of suffering from gastritis compared to smoking 10 cigarettes per day. LL and UL value (95% CI 1.732 to 7.856) does not include the value 1 so that the OR value obtained statistically significant.
5. Used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs factor is risk of gastritis suffering 2.72 times compared with never use non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. LL and UL value (95% CI 1.29 to 5.76) does not include the value 1 so that the OR value obtained statistically significant.
6. For the purpose of a family history of gastritis is not due to inherited genetic relationship of parent respondents, but more towards the family habits so that there are family members who gastritis. Family history of gastritis factor of 3.27 times the risk of gastritis compared with not having a family history of gastritis. LL and UL value (5% CI 1.55 to 6.91) does not include the value 1 so that the value obtained OR statistically significant.
Fron this research which data was collected from January 22 until February 19, 2013 in Kampili Public Health Center, we have known that the risk factors incidence of gastritis in Kampili Public Health Center are :
a. Diet (food type and frequency of eating)
b. Coffee-drinking habits
c. Smoking habits
d. The use of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
e. Family history of gastritis
These risk factors are the causes which can increase the incidence of gastritis at Kampili Public Health Center in in Gowa 2012.
Presentation of the analysis of the research carried out has been quite good, but the span of research data collection seems to be quite short, less than 1 month (22 January to 19 February 2013) and only with more severe symptoms were included in the sample to be able to conclude with valid risk factors to the occurrence of gastritis in Kampili Gowa Public Health Center in 2012. Preferably that all patients with symptoms of gastritis patients with mild or severe in the region included as a sample in order to really known precipitant / gastritis incidence of risk factors that are tend to have increased in that area. A short time will affect the accuracy of the processing and analysis of data in get, where it can affect kevalid early conclusion of these studies as well.
From this research has been known cause of the large number of patients with gastritis increasing from 2010 through 2012 in Kampili Gowa Public Health Center, because of the risk factors: diet (food type and frequency of consumption), the habit of drinking coffee, smoking, use of Non-Steroid Anti-Inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and family history of gastritis. In the study also described the mechanism of the relationship between these factors as a cause of the occurrence of gastritis.
In addition, this research medical personnel, especially nurses gain knowledge about risk factors for disease gastritis, so, in the next, nurse can be perform its role as an Educator.
According to WHO, Indonesia ranks fourth with the highest number of people with gastritis, which is about 430 million people. This study can provide nurses knowledge about risk factors on the incidence of gastritis. As the most advanced health professionals serve patients, nurses need to have a qualified knowledge in order to educate patients about the events of disease, in this case, especially regarding gastritis. And then, nurses can active to suppress the incidence of gastritis, and improve health in Indonesia, especially in Kampili Gowa Public Health Center.
Now we know the risk factors for the incidence of gastritis, gastritis sufferers should keep eating it well, especially on the type of food that is to limit the risk of eating food. As for the frequency of meals, the respondent should be able to meet the consumption of a full meal and snack as much as three times a day. We recommend that all respondents either suffering from gastritis or not to not consume alcoholic beverages, as well as limiting the habit of drinking coffee, smoking, and the use of Non-Steroid Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) because of the effects will bring bad effects to health. Nurses are expected to understand about this is because it takes the role of nurses to educate patients about the effect of these risk factors to prevent and suppress the incidence of gastritis in public health center Kampili, Gowa.
